École Normale Supérieure Paris

The École normale supérieure (French pronunciation: ​;conjointly called Normale sup’, ENS Ulm, ENS Paris and most frequently even as ENS) could be a French grande école (higher education institution outside the framework of the general public university system). it absolutely was at first planned throughout the revolution and was meant to supply the Republic with a replacement body of professors, trained within the crucial spirit and profane values of the Enlightenment. it's since developed into AN elite establishment that has become a platform for several of France's brightest children to pursue high-level careers in government and world, and intrinsically stands mutually of the symbols of Republican meritocracy, along side École nationale d'administration and École Polytechnique , providing its alumni access to high positions at intervals the state. based in 1794 and reorganised by Napoleon, ENS has 2 main sections  and a extremely competitive choice method consisting of written and oral examinations. Its students stand out within the fields of culture, tutorial analysis within the sciences and humanities. throughout their studies, ENS students hold the standing of paid civil servants.

The principal goal of ENS is that the coaching of elite professors, researchers and public directors. Its alumni have provided France with a lot of philosophers, writers, scientists, statesmen, officers and diplomats, journalists, lawyers, directors, managers and even officers within the army and churchmen. Among them area unit thirteen laurels laureates as well as eight in Physics, ten Fields Medalists (15 in total as affiliates), over 0.5 the recipients of the CNRS's palm (France's highest scientific prize), many hundred members of the Institut Diamond State France, many Prime Ministers, and lots of ministers. the varsity has achieved explicit recognition within the fields of arithmetic and physics as France's foremost scientific coaching ground, along side nice celebrity within the human sciences because the non secular birthplace of authors like Julien Gracq, novelist, and Charles Péguy, philosophers like Bergson, existentialist, Joe Louis Althusser, Weil, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Paul Nizan, and Alain Badiou, social scientists like Émile Emile Durkheim, Raymond Aron, and capital of South Dakota Bourdieu, and "French theorists" like Michel Foucault and philosopher.

The ENS could be a grande école and, as such, isn't a part of the thought university system, though it maintains intensive connections with it. The overwhelming majority (97%) of {the tutorial|the tutorial|the educational} employees hosted at ENS belong to external academic establishments like the CNRS, the EHESS and therefore the University of Paris. This mechanism for constant scientific turnover permits ENS to learn from an eternal stream of France's upmost researchers altogether fields. ENS full professorships area unit extraordinarily rare and thence exceptionally competitive (22 altogether subjects combined, count each active and retired positions). Generalistic in its achievement and organisation, it's the sole grande école in France to possess departments of analysis altogether the natural, social, and human sciences. Its standing mutually of the foremost centres of French analysis has LED to its model being replicated elsewhere, in France (at the ENSes of Lyons, Cachan, and Rennes), in European country (at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa), in Romania, in China and in former French colonies like Morocco, Mali, Mauritania, and Cameroon.

History

The current establishment finds its roots within the creation of the Ecole normale Diamond State l'an III by the post-revolutionary National Convention LED by revolutionary in 1794. the varsity was created supported a recommendation by Joseph Lakanal and Dominique-Joseph Garat, World Health Organization were a part of the commission on public education. The Ecole normale was meant because the core of a planned centralised national education system. The project was conjointly planned as the way to reinstate trust in between the Republic and therefore the country's elites, that had been alienated to a point by the Reign of Terror. The decree establishing the varsity, issued on nine Brumaire, states in its 1st article that "There are established in Paris AN Ecole normale (literally, a traditional school), where, from all the elements of the Republic, voters already educated within the helpful sciences shall be known as upon to find out, from the most effective professors altogether the disciplines, the art of teaching."

The inaugural course was given on twenty Gregorian calendar month 1795 and therefore the last on nineteen could of constant year at the depository of explanation. The goal of those courses was to coach a body of lecturers for all the secondary colleges within the country and thereby to confirm the same education for all. These courses lined all the prevailing sciences and humanities and got by the foremost good minds within the country in what was a dense learning cycle: scientists Monge, Vandermonde, Daubenton, Berthollet and philosophers Bernardin Diamond State Saint-Pierre and Volney were a number of the lecturers. the varsity was closed as a results of the arrival of the diplomatic building however this Ecole normale was to function a basis once the varsity was based for the second time by Emperor in 1808.

Indeed, on seventeen March 1808, Napoleon created by decree a pensionnat traditional within the imperial University of France charged with "training within the art of teaching the sciences and therefore the humanities". The institution was opened in 1810, its strict code as well as a compulsory uniform. By then a sister institution had been created by Napoleon in metropolis underneath the name of Scuola normale superiore, that continues to exist these days and still has shut ties to the Paris college. Up to 1818, the scholars area unit handpicked by the academy inspectors supported their leads to the lyceum. However, the "pensionnat" created by Napoleon came to be perceived underneath the Restoration as a nexus of liberal thought and was suppressed by then-minister of public instruction Denis-Luc Frayssinous in 1824.